Abstract: Solid waste management is of great significance for promoting the green transformation of the economy society, achieving the “dual carbon” goals and building a “waste-free society”. This study focused on five typical solid wastes in China, namely general industrial solid waste, urban and rural domestic waste, agricultural solid waste, construction waste and hazardous waste. It systematically reviewed their generation scale, structural composition and regional distribution characteristics, analyzed the current status and shortcomings of utilization and disposal, and proposed directions for collaborative governance. The study found that the structure of solid waste generation in China varied significantly. In 2023, the total generation of the five types of solid waste in China was 9.32×109 t, with general industrial solid waste amounting to 3.80×109 t, among which tailings and other five types accounted for 62.5%; kitchen waste accounted for 57.78% of urban and rural domestic waste; livestock and poultry manure accounted for 75.9% of agricultural solid waste; construction waste was dominated by engineering soil (accounting for 67.2%); hazardous waste showed a diverse small category distribution due to the industrial structure, reflecting the resource consumption and waste output patterns in different fields. Moreover, it has the characteristics of regional distribution and associated development. The spatial pattern of solid waste is closely related to industry, population and development stage. General industrial solid waste is concentrated in northern resource-based and heavy chemical industrial provinces; urban and rural domestic waste is mainly generated in economically developed and densely populated areas; construction waste is highly concentrated in provinces with rapid urbanization; the distribution of hazardous waste is associated with industrial density, showing a distinct spatial agglomeration. In addition, the utilization and disposal of solid waste have both achievements and shortcomings. The comprehensive utilization rate of general industrial solid waste reached 57.9%, but the utilization rate of tailings was only 25.6%; the utilization rates of different small categories of hazardous waste varied greatly, such as HW48 (80.2%) and HW18 (less than 3%); the resource utilization rate of urban and rural domestic waste reached 78.4%, but the treatment of kitchen waste, combustible waste and hazardous waste was difficult; the utilization rate of livestock and poultry manure in agricultural solid waste was 93.4%, but the utilization rate of agricultural film waste was only 37.7%, with the shortcomings stemming from technical, facility and recycling network bottlenecks. Based on this, it is proposed to carry out full-chain collaborative governance from three directions: source reduction, energy utilization and improvement of secondary pollutant control and regional coordination capabilities, to help break through the bottlenecks in solid waste management, provide support for precise policy-making and promote the transformation of the governance model towards reduction, resource utilization, low carbonization and risk controllability, and serve the “dual carbon” goals and the construction of a “waste-free society”.

Key words: solid waste, generation, utilization and disposal, development trend； solid waste management