The increasing annual production of industrial solid waste has imposed significant pressure on pollution control. Incineration has emerged as a mainstream treatment method due to its comprehensive advantages. However, traditional incineration control primarily relies on manual operation, leading to issues such as delayed regulation, low efficiency, and unstable pollutant emissions. Consequently, intelligent optimization control for industrial solid waste incineration has become a key research focus in the industry. A circulating fluidized bed (CFB) incinerator in Zhejiang province was taken as the research object. To address its low automation level and insufficient intelligent control, an intelligent optimization control system was developed and implemented. The system collects real-time operational data through a distributed control system (DCS) and constructs an accurate combustion state recognition model. By integrating multiple optimization algorithms and control strategies, it achieves real-time regulation of key operational parameters. Through comparative analysis of operational data before and after system implementation, the results demonstrated that the system could enable precise control of critical variables such as air distribution and steam-water balance. Moreover, it significantly improved operational stability, safety, and pollutant emission control effect. Key performance indicators, including main steam temperature deviation, drum water level fluctuation, and excess range of CO emission concentration, showed notable reductions. The successful application of this intelligent control system not only enhances incinerator efficiency and environmental performance, but also provides robust technical support for the intelligent development of the solid waste incineration industry, thereby promoting the improvement of the automation and intelligent operation level of incineration processes.

Under the “dual carbon” strategy background, integrating technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing to achieve the intelligence, greenness and low-carbonization of municipal solid waste incineration power generation presents a significant challenge. In this study, the cross-correlation method was employed to analyze the correlations among 110 variables in a waste incinerator, and the variables with high correlations with three predicted variables, namely main steam flow, furnace average temperature and average oxygen content, were obtained. Based on this correlation analysis, the time delay steps between these three predicted variables and the equipment control parameters were calculated. Meanwhile, four time-series forecasting models were utilized to predict the main steam flow, furnace average temperature and average oxygen content. The results demonstrated that PatchTST had the lowest prediction error on the test set (the NMAE of main steam flow, furnace average temperature and average oxygen content was 0.072 9, 0.056 0 and 0.140 6， respectively), which exhibited superior generalization and predictive capabilities. It could better eliminate the time lag of data and reduce the error caused by the subjective judgment ability of operators, providing data support for real-time online operations.

Aiming at the bottleneck in the treatment of high loaded pressing liquor generated during the centralized treatment of kitchen waste, the dose effect and enhanced performance of zero-valent iron on the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste pressing liquor for methane production were investigated through the batch test of anaerobic digestion for methane production. The results showed that the optimal dose of zero-valent iron was determined to be 3 g/L, and the maximal methane production potential and the rate of the experimental group were enhanced by 24.91% and 475.99%, respectively, and the late period of gas production was shortened by 66.25%. Analysis of excitation emission matrix-parallel factor showed that the appropriate dose of zero-valent iron was able to slow down the humification of the system and promote the secretion of extracellular polymers by bacteria, which acted as an electron transfer medium to promote the direct interspecies electron transfer of microorganisms, and enhanced the biofilm formation ability of microorganisms on the surface of the carriers by enhancing the hydrophobicity of the microbial surface. Analysis of sludge characterization showed that the addition of zero-valent iron increased the ETS activity of the sludge electron transport system by 397.68%, and the concentration of coenzyme F420 by 24%, which confirmed that it could enhance the methane production rate of the system by strengthening the methanogenic metabolic pathway of hydrogen trophicity and constructing the direct interspecies electron transfer channel in microorganisms at the same time.

Currently, anaerobic digestion for biogas production is the most prevalent treatment technology for food waste, but improper operation can easily lead to acidification.The characteristics of acidification in food waste anaerobic digestion systems caused by increased feeding load, as well as early warning indicators and recovery strategies were studied. The results showed that a 31.3% increase in feeding load within 15 days induced system acidification. Changes in biogas production per unit, total alkalinity (ALK), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and the VFA/ALK ratio were 42, 40, 28, and 28 days earlier than acidification of the system, respectively, and could be used as early warning indicators for acidification, among which biogas production per unit was the most sensitive. During the acidification period, the minimum biogas production per unit, ALK, methane content, and pH decreased by up to 65%, 27%, 19%, and 10.5%, respectively, compared to initial values, while the maximum VFA and VFA/ALK ratio increased by 674% and 953%, respectively. Acidification could be effectively mitigated by reducing the feeding load and adding Na2CO3. The entire process from acidification triggered by increased load to complete recovery took 86 days, with only 4 320 kg of Na2CO3 consumed, demonstrating feasibility and cost-effectiveness. During recovery, indicators normalized in the following sequence, namely methane content, biogas production per unit, pH, VFA, VFA/ALK ratio, and ALK. A decrease in VFA below 2 000 mg/L and VFA/ALK below 0.25 can serve as criteria for determining the resolution of acidification warnings. All indicators showed significant correlations (p<0.01) across stable, acidified, and recovery phases.

The proposal of using Cenchrus fungigraminus juice to enrich microorganisms and conducting in-situ fermentation to form a microbial degrading agent, namely Chuyubao FWMDA-001, has been put forward in this study, which is used for the microbial degradation of kitchen waste.The identification results of Chuyubao FWMDA-001 showed that there were abundant degrading microorganisms (34 species). Under the same conditions (outdoor temperature 20 ℃), the effect of adding or non-adding bactericide on the treatment of kitchen waste was significantly different. After treatment time of 60 h, the degradation rate of ordinary garbage can without bacterial agents was 10.66%±0.73%, while that of the group with bacterial agents was 15.33%±1.21%, and the degradation rate of adding bacteria agents group was 43.80% higher than that of group without bacteria agents. The degradation rate of the smart garbage can without bacteria agents was 33.33%±2.98%, while that of the group with bacterial agents was 99.33%±10.50%, and the degradation rate of adding bacteria agents group was increased by 199.33% compared with the non-bacteria group.The microbial agent product (Chuyubao FWMDA-001) produced in this research with the advantages of low cost, abundant sources, complementary microbial communities and stable effect, could provide a stable and reliable source of microbial agents for kitchen waste treatment. When using in conjunction with smart trash cans, Chuyubao FWMDA-001 can achieve efficient treatment of kitchen waste such as deodorization, sterilization, anti-corrosion, and reduction. Meanwhile, the kitchen waste can be fermented and converted into organic fertilizer for agricultural production by this bacteria agent, which has certain application prospects.

With the release of Implementation Plan for the Household Waste Classification System, the pilot work of waste classification in China has begun to move toward standardization and legalization, and the compost products from the resource treatment of kitchen waste have also shown broad application prospects. Organic matter content is an important index of compost quality evaluation. According to NY/T 525—2021 Organic Fertilizer, the content of organic matter in kitchen waste compost products was determined by using potassium dichromate volumetric method, the source of uncertainty was analyzed and the component of uncertainty was calculated. The research results showed that organic matter content of 12 samples ranged from 33.37% to 70.17% and the extended uncertainty ranged from 0.362% to 0.779%, which indicated all the above 12 samples were qualified samples. Under the same experimental conditions and procedures, the components of uncertainty of ferrous sulfate standard solution calibration, sample weighing, sample extraction and sample solution separation were basically stable and not affected by difference among samples. The main source of the sample moisture content test was repetitive test deviation, and the smaller deviation showed the smaller uncertainty. The component of titration sample was mainly determined by the content of organic matter, the higher content of organic matter had bigger uncertainty. The component of titration sample was also significantly affected by sample weight, and the smaller weight showed the smaller uncertainty. The component of repetitive tests were mainly determined by experimental deviation, it decreased with the increase of water content and organic matter content in the sample.

Furnace slagging is considered to be one of the common problems in the incineration industry, especially in the field of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. The slagging problem of MSW incineration will increase the maintenance cost of the incinerator, reduce the heat exchange efficiency, and ultimately affect the incinerator safety, stability and life period. Aiming at this slagging problem of MSW incineration, the mechanism and prevention of slagging related to waste incineration in recent years were systematically reviewed. The elementary composition and formation process between slagging reactants and slagging products were discussed, and the influencing factors of slagging were summarized. The prevention and control measures of slagging in incineration process were discussed, such as feeding waste pretreatment, anti-slagging agents, operation adjustment and so on. Finally, the main problems needing to be solved in the future and the research directions were also proposed, with the aim to provide reference for the prevention and management control of slagging in MSW incineration.

The classification, collection and treatment of municipal solid waste has significant influence and has achieved remarkable results. At the same time, it has a significant impact on the construction and operation of domestic waste incineration plants. Taking a certain municipal solid waste incineration plant as the research object, after several years of follow-up investigation, various data of the incineration plant before and after waste classification were statistically analyzed, including the amount of waste entering the plant, the amount of leachate produced, the power generation per ton of waste, and the material consumption of the flue gas purification system, etc. The impact of waste classification on the incineration plant was analyzed from different perspectives, and targeted management optimization suggestions were put forward.

A certain municipal solid waste incineration plant in Tianjin was taken as the research object， to explore the effect of catalysts offline high-temperature regeneration in municipal solid waste incineration by adopting the method of engineering experiment. The XRF tests on new and old catalysts before and after regeneration were carried out, and the durations and the changing trend of SO2 concentration in the circulating flue gas in each stage of heating up, holding and cooling down were summarized. The results showed that the main factors causing the deactivation of SCR low-temperature catalysts in municipal solid waste incineration project were the (NH4)2SO4 and NH4HSO4. Through performance test and analysis, it was found that after the old catalyst regenerated offline at high temperature, the flue gas pressure drop of the catalysts was reduced by 300 Pa, and the relative activity of the catalyst recovered by 72%, the offline regeneration process has achieved the expected effect. Taking four 750 t/d municipal solid waste incinerators as an example, through cost analysis, the adoption of the offline high-temperature regeneration process could save 4.03 million yuan in operating costs annually, indicating that the offline high-temperature regeneration process has high economic efficiency and high promotion value.

Taking the 40 t/d kitchen waste collaborative disposal project in a suburb of East China as an example, the collaborative disposal application of kitchen waste and domestic waste incineration was introduced. The kitchen waste was co-processed by domestic waste incineration plant after pre-treatment of “mechanical sorting + crushing and pulping + heating and sand removal + three-phase separation”, which realized the goal of reduction, harmlessness and resource utilization of kitchen waste treatment, overcame a series of problems faced by conventional kitchen waste treatment projects, such as large area occupied, complex process, high investment as well as operation and maintenance costs. The design parameters, operation cost and operation effect were introduced detailed,with the aim of providing reference for small and medium-sized kitchen waste treatment in counties and other areas.

In order to understand the pollution characteristics of waste landfill sites in a coastal area, the garbage composition, landfill gas, leachate, heavy metals in humus soil of four waste landfill sites were detected and analyzed. Single factor pollution index method and comprehensive pollution index method were used to evaluate the pollution. The landfill waste was mainly composed of humus soil, plastic, debris, and textiles. There were significant exceedances of H2S, NH3, odor concentration, and non methane total hydrocarbons in each landfill site, especially with the highest pollution index for odor concentration and non methane total hydrocarbons. The suspended solids, CODCr, total nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen in the leachate exceeded the standard most severely, with ammonia nitrogen concentration reaching 48.79-174.36 times the standard value and CODCr concentration reaching 4.18-197.84 times the standard value. The total chromium concentration in the leachate of site D reached 151.70 times the standard value. The upper humus soil and bottom soil of the four landfill sites both have local heavy metal exceedances. The single factor pollution index method evaluation results showed that there was slight nickel pollution in the upper humus soil of site A. According to the Nemerow index calculation results, the heavy metals in the upper humus soil of sites A and D were still in a unpolluted state, while the rest of the upper humus soil and subsoil were in a clean state. Taking into account factors such as the geographical location, economic conditions, calorific value of lightweight materials, and pollution level of the landfill site, site A is suitable for using the original ecological sealing technology for restoration, site B and C are suitable for using aerobic accelerated stabilization+in-situ ecological sealing treatment and restoration, and site D is suitable for using excavation and screening comprehensive utilization treatment.

Regarding the groundwater contamination problems caused by leachate leakage from aging domestic waste landfills in heterogeneous composite permeable strata, the vertical barrier engineering practice implemented downstream of Hangzhou Tianziling landfill was taken as an example. Under the coupling of the fault zone and permeable strata, a multi-tiered gradient barrier system was developed by adopting the multi-process coupling seepage prevention technology of “curtain grouting + chemical grouting + self-setting slurry - HDPE geocomposite seepage prevention wall”. In areas characterized by well-developed fault fracture zones and permeable gravel layers, a “curtain grouting + chemical grouting” method was implemented to construct a cutoff curtain. A composite anti-seepage technology featuring the combined effect of “self-setting grout + high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geosynthetic membrane” was adopted for moderately weathered rock strata. Through the innovative integration of construction processes and field implementation techniques, seamless connections of impermeable barriers across heterogeneous geological units were achieved. This approach facilitates a paradigm shift from reactive contamination remediation to proactive risk governance, achieving precise blocking of the leachate migration path and spatial control of groundwater pollution.

Taking mixed solution of the nanofiltration concentrated solution pre-treated by flocculation sedimentation + electrolysis process, and reverse osmosis concentrated solution with mixing ratio of 2∶3 as the research object. Adopting the combined process of A/O-MBR + Fenton deep treatment, with 30 mg/L sodium chloride acclimatized sludge as the seed sludge, the removal effect of the main pollutants such as COD and total nitrogen in the mixed solution of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis concentrate was studied. The results showed that the effluent after the combined treatment process could meet the discharge requirements of table 4 in the GB 16889—2024 Standard for Pollution Control on the Landfill Site of Municipal Solid Waste.

PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) are ubiquitous compounds of growing concern due to widespread human exposure and their potential adverse health effects. The latest research progress of the non-carcinogenic health risk assessment methods of PFAS mixtures by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) were reviewed in this article, focusing on the research progress of mixture benchmark dose (M-BMD) method. The M-BMD method can more accurately describe the relationship between the exposure dose and health effects of PFAS mixtures. According to the dose-response data of different health effects of the mixture components, the most representative effect endpoint can be selected. M-BMD can also be used in combination with other risk assessment methods to form a more comprehensive assessment system and improve the accuracy and reliability of the non-carcinogenic health risk assessment results of PFAS mixtures. In addition, by comparing with the hazard index (HI) method and the relative potency factor (RPF) method, the advantages and disadvantages of the M-BMD method in the health risk assessment of PFAS mixtures were explained, and suggestions for future research directions were proposed for the shortcomings, in order to provide a more scientific theoretical basis for PFAS health risk assessment.

With the development of social economy and the promotion of “toilet revolution”, the cleaning and service level of urban public toilets has been widely concerned. Taking the central urban area (Huangpu district) and the suburban area (Jiading district) of Shanghai as the research scope, a combination of open inspections and unannounced visits was adopted. 230 samples of 5 types of public toilet were selected for investigation and analysis, among which 150 were valid points. The toilet samples were scored according to the evaluation indicators in the 2023 Social Public Toilet Monitoring and Evaluation Form. The results showed that the overall cleaning and service level of public toilets in Shanghai was good, with a total score of 86.3 and an excellent service rate of 79.3%. Among them, public toilets in parks performed the best, with a score of 91.8, while those in hotels had the lowest score of 78.1. The study found that there were gender differences in the design of public toilets. The ratio of male to female toilets number was 1.0∶1.4, and the number of female toilets in Huangpu district was the largest, with an average of 5.16, reflecting the greater demand for women to use toilets. Meanwhile, the study also found that the public toilets in shopping malls and recreational facilities in the central urban area of Shanghai were ahead of suburban areas in terms of service level and facility configuration, while the public toilets in parks in the suburbs were more prominent, reflecting the regional differences. In addition, there were deficiencies in the refinement of public toilet construction, especially in aspects such as information publicity, barrier-free facilities, safety warning facilities for rainy and snowy weather, the setting of no-smoking signs, and male-female signboards.This study focused on the evaluation and improvement of the refined management level of urban public toilets. Through investigation and data analysis, the targeted improvement suggestions were proposed, aiming to provide a reference for the further optimization of public toilet services in Shanghai.

The incentive management model is an important management approach to improve the operation and management level of domestic waste incineration enterprises. An applicability evaluation method for incentive management models based on comprehensive estimate completion rate and management status evaluation was proposed. The incentive management plan design methods, namely core employee incentive and reverse deduction of incentive projects, were clarified. A plan implementation process of “plan formulation-execution and feedback-correction and improvement-summary and perfection” was formed and verified through application. The practical results showed that when the incentive management model was applied to applicable scenarios, it could effectively improve the production and management level as well as social influence of incineration enterprises.