Municipal solid waste incineration and landfilling are among the main sources of unintentional emerging pollutants (EPs). A comparative analysis was conducted on the types list, distribution patterns, concentrations and generation amounts of EPs from incineration and landfilling. The research results showed that both incineration and landfilling would produce various EPs such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and microplastics (MPs). Brominated dioxins (PBDD/Fs) and fluorinated dioxins (PFDD/Fs) were generated by waste incineration, while antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were generated by waste landfilling. The EPs produced by incineration showed three different distribution patterns in incineration plant products: dioxins (PCDD/Fs) , polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were mainly distributed in fly ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and MPs were mainly distributed in bottom ash, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), phthalates (PAEs), and antibiotics were mainly distributed in leachate. The concentrations of most POPs in incineration plant leachate were higher than those in landfill leachate or were equivalent to the upper limit of landfill leachate concentrations, while the concentrations of most antibiotics were lower than those in landfill leachate. The generation amounts of PCDD/Fs, PBDEs, SCCPs, PAHs, PCBs， PFASs, and MPs from incineration were greater than those from landfilling; the generation amounts of quinolones (QNs), sulfonamides (SAs), tetracyclines (TCs), macrolides (MLs), and PAEs from landfilling were greater than those from incineration. Overall, incineration tended to produce EPs with persistence and bioaccumulation (PBT or vPvB), while landfilling tended to produce EPs with persistence and mobility (PMT or vPvM). The comparison results had certain uncertainties due to the influence of data sample size, landfill age, sampling season (rainfall), and boundary conditions. The research results suggested that measures such as waste classification, treatment of existing landfill waste, chelation and solidification of incineration fly ash followed by landfilling, and re-spraying of leachate/leach solution to incineration, could effectively reduce the generation of EPs in waste disposal.

Taking the soil and groundwater restoration and treatment project of a hazardous waste landfill area as a practical case, the implementation effects of the pollution soil excavation and transportation-cement kiln collaborative disposal, and groundwater extraction-injection treatment process route were studied. The results indicated that the surrounding soil of the hazardous waste landfill area was mainly polluted by volatile phenols, arsenic, chromium and antimony, and the surrounding groundwater was polluted by volatile phenols, fluorides, arsenic and thallium. Volatile phenols are the main pollutants in the soil and groundwater of this hazardous waste landfill area. Groundwater pollution is closely related to soil pollution, but the characteristic pollutants in soil and groundwater are not completely consistent. In this study,the process of excavating and transporting contaminated soil for co-disposal with cement kilns could quickly remove pollution sources, creating conditions for the remediation and treatment of groundwater. The groundwater extraction-injection treatment process could effectively improve the groundwater quality, and the concentrations of volatile phenols, fluorides, arsenic and thallium in groundwater could be restored to below standard limits in a short period of time.

Sludge dewatering remains a global environmental challenge in wastewater treatment. Fenton conditioning technology has attracted widespread attention for its exceptional dewatering efficiency, while significant quantities of iron-rich sludge has been generated during the process, which requiring sustainable management solutions. To address this issue, a new process of iron-rich biochar sludge conditioning and dewatering-land application has been developed in the previous study. Taking this new process as the research object, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)method was used to analyse the environmental impacts. The research results showed that compared with the Fenton red mud sludge conditioning and dewatering-landfill process, the new process has significantly improved the five types of environmental impacts, namely global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, inhalable inorganic substances and ecotoxicity, which were reduced by 75.12%, 44.26%, 4.96%, 22.86% and 63.92%, respectively. Through standardized calculation of various environmental impact results, it was found that the total environmental impact potential value of the new process could be reduced by 25.89%, indicating that the new process of pyrolysis and resource utilization of iron-rich sludge has better environmental benefits.

Novel food waste treatment technologies have been successively developed and implemented, yet corresponding carbon emission studies remain insufficient. To quantify the carbon emission of food waste treatment, China’s first local standard DB4403/T 468—2024 Guidelines for Carbon Emission Accounting for Food Waste Treatment Projects was adopted to conduct a comprehensive carbon emission analysis. Five representative treatment approaches of typical projects were evaluated, including direct incineration with other waste, co-incineration after tri-phase separation, anaerobic digestion, black soldier fly rearing, fermentation to acid, encompassed scope 1 to 3 emissions and carbon offset components. The results showed that the net carbon emissions of the five projects (converted into CO2 equivalent, calculated as food waste), from low to high were anaerobic digestion (-90.82 kg/t), followed by fermentation to acid (-81.04 kg/t), co-incineration after tri-phase separation (-80.96 kg/t), black soldier fly rearing (-41.78 kg/t), and direct incineration with other waste (-3.01 kg/t). Carbon emission of scope 1 (0-52.43 kg/t) primarily attributed to direct discharge of food waste, wastewater and waste residue treatment. Carbon emission of scope 2 (19.32-67.17 kg/t) primarily attributed to the electricity consumption of food waste and wastewater treatment. Carbon emission of scope 3 (2.23-7.21 kg/t) primarily attributed to chemical inputs. Carbon offsets (-185.75 to -81.08 kg/t) derived from power generation (-123.75 to -81.08 kg/t), biodiesel production (-62.00 kg/t), bio-based carbon sources (-40.59 kg/t), organic fertilizer (-34.56 kg/t), feedstock materials (-19.80 kg/t). Technical recommendations for low-carbon development include enhancing gas control systems, optimizing energy mix, and improving resource recovery efficiency.

With the incessant rise in the volume of municipal solid waste incineration, the generation of incineration slag has witnessed a dramatic surge. Therefore, its resource utilization has become a research hotspot. The recent advancements in the utilization of incineration bottom ash in concrete applications was systematically reviewed. Endowed with rich content of silicon, calcium and aluminum, incineration bottom ash demonstrates considerable potential as both a cementitious material and an aggregate. Nevertheless, its heavy metal content, porous structure, and elevated water absorption rates may potentially compromise the performance of concrete. A variety of pretreatment methods, such as mechanical processing, water washing, thermal treatment, and carbonation have been demonstrated that can effectively enhance the physicochemical attributes of incineration bottom ash. When employed as a cementitious material, the pozzolanic activity of incineration bottom ash can significantly improve the compactness of concrete, but the dosage of incineration bottom ash should be strictly limited to less than 40%. When used as coarse or fine aggregate for concrete, the substitution rate of incineration bottom ash manifested an inverse correlation with the strength of the resulting concrete. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the pretreatment and dosage to balance performance and environmental risks. Looking ahead, future research endeavors should prioritize the development of composite admixtures and assessments of long-term durability, in order to promote the efficient and safe application of bottom slag in concrete.

As the core unit of the sorting process system for stale waste, air separation equipment performance directly impacts sorting efficiency and resource utilization outcomes. The current application status of air separation equipment was systematically reviewed, and their structural features, operational principles as well as existing challenges were expounded. By constructing simplified theoretical models and other methods, the influence laws of aerodynamic characteristics (such as air velocity, pressure and direction), material properties (such as particle size, density and shape), motion characteristics (such as velocity and incidence angle), and operational variables (such as exposure time to airflow, effective wind-receiving area, angle between material-airflow two-phase flow field, interference effects and material collection efficiency) on the quality of wind separation were revealed. Based on these findings, methods to enhance separation efficiency was proposed, along with optimization strategies for air classification equipment. An innovative dual-driven diverting horizontal air separator was innovatively developed, which could reduce the impurity rate of separated materials to below 5%, achieving a reduction of 59.87% to 89.71% compared to traditional equipment. This advancement significantly improves the resource value and economic benefits of the separated products, and expands their resource utilization channels.

Based on five typical construction and demolition waste recycling projects built and operated in Shanghai since 2018, combining with the operational practice, and from environmental protection, economic efficiency, and resource utilization perspectives, the elements of the overall planning and operation process of the construction waste resource utilization project were analyzed. The project focusing on renovation waste and considering demolition waste. The impact of the choice of processing objects and scale on the project’s environmental protection and economic efficiency, the impact of waste collection and transportation modes and the economic efficiency of recycled product applications on project site selection, and the key goals and production line setup points for project construction and operation were explored. Results showed that the planning and operation project of construction waste recycling facility should mainly focus on decoration waste, while also taking into account demolition waste. For the collection and transport of renovation waste within a 50 km service radius, a direct transport mode should be adopted, without intermediate transfer or sorting stations. Recycled aggregate typically accounted for 75% to 85%, and was primarily used as raw material for producing building materials like bricks and mortar. The longer the transportation distance for recycled aggregate, the higher the transportation cost would be and the lower the revenue from it. The proportion of sorted residues that need to be incinerated or landfilled was 10% to 25%. The number of vehicles required to be configured was a key determinant of transportation costs, which was determined by the transportation distance of the residues. Therefore, project site selection should be as close as possible to recycled aggregate application sites and residual waste disposal plants, and material utilization production facilities such as brick making and mortar should be set up within the plant if conditions permit. The key operational goals should include high quality of recycled aggregate, a high resource recovery rate and a low residue rate (under the resource utilization rates of 90% and 75%, the difference in combined product revenue and residue disposal cost results was 33.75 yuan/t in the net cost per ton of waste), effective control of dust and noise. During operation, economic calculations for renovation waste and demolition waste should be separately calculated and settled according to categories.

In order to make up for the lack of laboratory simulation research on in-situ aerobic remediation of existing landfill sites of more than 10 years age, the ability of aerobic ventilation to improve the biodegradability of existing domestic waste was investigated with refuse of 10 years landfill age in the actual landfill site by comparing the changes in main indicators of solid waste and leachate during the operation of aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors in the laboratory. The results demonstrated that the degradation of existing refuse followed a first-order kinetic reaction under anaerobic and aerobic ventilation conditions, the degradation rate of refuse and the decay rate of organic matter in leachate under aerobic ventilation conditions were significantly faster than that under anaerobic conditions. The attenuation coefficients of cellulose to lignin ratio, refuse degradation stabilization normalization index, biodegradable substance content, and refuse organic matter content under aerobic ventilation conditions were 6.0, 4.0~4.3, 3.0~4.0, and 1.7~1.8 times of those under anaerobic conditions, respectively; and as for the COD, BOD5, and B/C of leachate, the multiples were 8.0, 7.0 and 2.5, respectively.

With the growth of global population and the rapid development of agricultural production, the amount of agricultural waste is increasing year by year. In order to study the effects of the addition of meat and bone meal and weathered coal on the composting of waste vegetable and straw, T1 (cabbage tail + corn straw), T2 (cabbage tail + corn straw + meat and bone meal) and T3 (cabbage tail + corn straw + meat and bone meal + weathered coal) were established in composting experiments, and the temperature, moisture, pH and C/N were determined and analyzed during the composting process. The results showed that the addition of meat and bone meal + weathered coal treatment significantly increased the fermentation temperature in the middle and late period of compost, prolonged the high-temperature period, and increased the maximum fermentation temperature. At the end of composting, the organic carbon content of all treatments decreased by about 30%, and the residual organic matter content of T3 treatment was the highest. Total nitrogen content increased by 70.46%, 73.13% and 77.21%, respectively, T3 treatment had the highest total nitrogen content. Total potassium content increased by 105.21%, 110.28% and 121.86%, and T3 treatment had the highest total potassium content. Total phosphorus content increased by 96.88%, 100.00% and 119.44%, and T3 treatment had the highest total phosphorus content. Due to the high proportion of basic raw materials (cabbage tail, corn straw) treated by T1, T2 and T3 and the similar nutrient content, only a small amount of conditioning agents (meat and bone meal, weathered coal) were used to adjust the formula, resulting in a small difference in nutrient increment. The seed germination index (GI) reached 91.97%, 99.08% and 125.73%, respectively, the GI value of T3 treatment was the highest. It can be seen that adding meat and bone meal + weathered coal can accelerate the compost maturation, increase the accumulation of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, and improve the quality of compost.

Against the backdrop of the “dual-carbon” goals, the algae-photovoltaic complementarity model combines clean energy production with biological carbon sequestration, offering a new pathway for low-carbon development in major cities. This pilot-scale study at Shanghai PDG Zero Carbon Green Valley Park, kitchen waste AnMBR effluent was used as the nutrient solution, with the addition of K2HPO4 to adjust the N/P ratio, a semi-continuous cultivation experiment of Chlorella sp. in a landfill was carried out for 211 days by combining a closed-type photobioreactor with photovoltaics. During the experiment, the growth status, nutrient consumption, and water quality changes were monitored. The results indicated that Chlorella sp. biomass was highest in summer, followed by spring, and lower in autumn and winter, which was closely related to solar altitude, shading rate, and ambient temperature. The microalgae showed effective utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients as well as organic pollutants, with average effluent values for TN, TP, NH3-N, and COD of (136.1±83.3) mg/L, (12.6±6.6) mg/L, (133.8±90.2) mg/L, and (123.6±81.6) mg/L, respectively. The optimal cultivation conditions obtained in the pilot-scale experiment were a temperature of (25.50±3.88) ℃, a light intensity of (21 783±11 256) lux, an N/P ratio of 12.0, a CO2 feeding rate of 0.37 L/min, and a pH of 6.59±0.23.

A certain kitchen waste treatment plant in the eastern part of Beijing went into operation in 2007. After the comprehensive implementation of waste classification in Beijing, the characteristics of kitchen waste have changed significantly, resulting in the unstable operation of the plant. In 2023, the plant changed the pretreatment system from the mechanical crushing + mechanical pressing pulping process to the hydropulping pretreatment, and changed the dry anaerobic process to the wet anaerobic process. Moreover, the equipment of the deodorization system was replaced. After the renovation, the system has adapted to the new characteristics of the waste and achieved stable operation. The slag discharge rate of the pretreatment system is approximately 20%, and the water content of the discharged slag is about 70%. The gas production rate of the anaerobic system reaches 65 m3/t, and the methane concentration in the biogas is approximately 57%. The designed air volume of the deodorization system has been reduced by 50%, and the concentration of organized odor emissions is lower than 1 000 (dimensionless). The engineering example and relevant experience of the renovation could provide some reference for the construction or renovation of similar projects.

The presence of alkali metals in biomass gasification can readily cause deactivation of oxygen carriers, reduce carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency, thereby posing significant challenges to the stable operation and engineering application of chemical looping gasification systems. To address this issue, a Ni-based core-shell structured composite oxygen carrier was developed to improve its resistance to alkali-induced deactivation and carbon deposition.Meanwhile, an ex-situ chemical looping gasification configuration process was proposed, aiming to both harness the catalytic role of alkali metals in bond cleavage and gasification, to mitigate their adverse interactions with ash components that may compromise carrier integrity. Furthermore, the effects of different steam-to-biomass mass ratios (1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0) on gasification performance and oxygen carrier stability were investigated. Experimental results revealed that, the composite carrier exhibited optimal performance under ex-situ operation with S/B ratio of 4.5, at 900 ℃. Over 15 cycles, the gas yield remained stable at 1 887.13 mL/g, while the carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency were consistently maintained within the ranges of 79%-86% and 113%-122%, respectively. This work proposed and validated an integrated process strategy based on oxygen carrier optimization with coordinated process regulation under coexistence of alkali metals, providing theoretical guidance for the long-term stability and engineering viability of biomass-based chemical looping gasification systems.

In recent years, the scale of domestic waste incineration projects in China has continued to expand, industry competition has intensified, the superposition of state subsidies and environmental protection requirements have increased, and enterprises need to achieve cost reduction and enhance efficiency through technological innovation. Improving steam parameters, optimizing waste heat utilization efficiency and adopting high speed steam turbine are the key technical paths. Among them, reheat technology in ultra-high pressure furnace significantly improves power generation efficiency by improving steam parameters, and has become a research hotspot in the field of waste incineration. The reheat incineration line in a 1 000 t/d ultra-high pressure furnace was taken as an example to analyze its technical scheme and operation effect. The main steam parameter of the project was 13 MPa, 450 ℃, and a primary intermediate reheating system was adopted. After putting into operation, the power generation per ton of garbage was increased to 554 kWh/t, an increase of 237 kWh/t compared with before the transformation, and the income was increased by more than 22 million yuan. The results showed that ultra-high pressure reheating technology could significantly improve the economic and environmental benefits of waste incineration plants.

Medical waste serves as a potential vector for pathogen transmission, and its safe collection, transportation, and disposal are critical to preventing future major public health emergencies. Based on emergency management practices during major infectious disease outbreaks, the key control points in the emergency handling of medical waste were systematically reviewed, including collection and transportation scheduling, packaging and storage, coordination and handover, and collaborative disposal. The management recommendations encompassing operational standards, personnel protection, and process coordination were proposed. In addition, in light of identified deficiencies in the current emergency response system for medical waste, key directions and strategies for full-process optimization were put forward, aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for medical waste emergency management in the event of future public health crises in China.

Through research on the current situation of the collection of domestic waste treatment fees in Qingdao city, the problems existing in the charging work were analyzed, such as low collection rates, outdated charging methods, significant collection resistance, and high operational costs. By comparing the commonly used charging methods and models at home and abroad, it was revealed that the “water consumption coefficient method” demonstrated distinct advantages in preventing payment defaults and underpayment， while it could ensure the fairness and standardization during the charging process. Based on these findings, it is suggested that Qingdao adopts the “water consumption coefficient method” as its primary approach, and adopts a “zoned dynamic hybrid charging model” that entrusting the water supply company to collect the waste treatment fee on its behalf. Meanwhile,to enhance collection efficiency, complementary measures has been recommended such as increasing publicity, improving the charging system, encouraging social supervision and strengthening law enforcement. Furthermore, with the aim of providing references for related work, the future development of domestic waste charging management has been prospected from three aspects: refining waste charging policies, implementing smart management systems, and exploring rural waste charging mechanisms.